When it comes to the art of public speaking, few names resonate as strongly as Cicero, one of the most eloquent figures in Roman history. His work, “De Oratore” (On the Orator), written in 55 BC, is a masterclass in rhetoric and public speaking that remains relevant today. Here are some key insights from this timeless text that can enhance your public speaking skills.

Cicero emphasizes that there is no single pattern for a good orator. He recognizes that different orators have different styles, each with their own strengths. This notion is crucial for modern speakers, as it encourages embracing one’s unique voice rather than conforming to a specific mold.

He admits, “I am an orator (if I really am),” showcasing his humility. He cites the Athenian orator Demosthenes, who faced many rivals, as an example. Striving for perfection is admirable, but one should not despair if they fall short. Approaching excellence is itself remarkable.

Just as there are perfect statues and paintings, Cicero believes there are archetypes of perfect eloquence. Drawing on Plato’s concept of eternal ideas, he suggests that our spirit contemplates these perfect forms to create audible imitations in speech.

He argues that philosophy is essential for an ideal orator. To speak profoundly on diverse and important topics, one must study them deeply. Philosophy provides the foundation to discuss life, virtue, obligations, rights, and values with authority and depth.

Absolute perfection in eloquence is unattainable because learning to speak and learning to think are distinct disciplines. Cicero notes that different masters teach the science of ideas and the science of words, underscoring the need for a broad and diverse education.

Styles of Oratory

Cicero outlines three primary styles of oratory:

• Grandiloquent Style: Expresses thoughts with majesty, vehemence, variety, and abundance. This style is characterized by its ability to stir emotions.

• Plain Style: Uses subtlety, precision, and sobriety. This style instructs without amplification, focusing on clear and straightforward communication.
  
  
• Temperate Style: Balances between grandiloquent and plain styles, featuring fluidity, uniformity, and a regular, modest approach.

Orators must speak in a manner that resonates with their audience. Cicero advises considering the audience’s desires and expectations, adapting the speech to their preferences to effectively convey the message.

Crafting Effective Speech

He emphasizes the importance of three key elements in speech:

• Content: What you say.
• Order: The sequence in which you present your ideas.
• Manner: How you deliver your speech.

He suggests asking three questions about your topic: 

• Does it exist? 
• What is its nature? 
• What are its qualities? 

These questions help in thoroughly understanding and articulating the subject matter.

Language and Style

Language should be simple and modest. Cicero’s ideal orator speaks in a way that seems accessible to everyone, yet possesses an underlying eloquence that is difficult to imitate. He highlights the importance of rhythm, clear metaphors, and avoiding excessive joking.

Cicero notes that the ideal orator:

• Speaks like everyone yet is more eloquent than we think.
• Uses rhythmic combinations and freely advances in thoughts without roaming.
• Chooses words for their clarity and sound, employing metaphors familiar to the audience.
• Uses verbal decorations carefully, balancing isolated terms with layout and choosing vowels that sound better.
• Avoids excessive joking, especially on serious subjects like misery or crime.

The Orator’s Gestures

Cicero also emphasizes the importance of physical presence:

• Stand firm with your head high.
• Avoid constant walking; advance occasionally towards the audience.
• Keep movements moderated and hands from mimicking thoughts excessively.
• Master eye movements, as eyes reflect joy or sadness, being the soul’s interpreters.

According to Cicero, the definition of an orator includes the ability to employ different styles:

• Simple Style: For discussing insignificant subjects.
• Sublime Style: For significant problems.
• Temperate Style: For less elevated questions.

An orator must learn the power of words, their nature, and their types. Knowledge of history and philosophy is essential, as is the ability to adapt to different people and circumstances.

For Cicero, eloquence involves common sense. The orator must know how to adapt their language to different situations and audiences. By invoking ethics and pathos, an orator can move and touch their listeners, achieving the triumph of eloquence.

Cicero’s “De Oratore” offers timeless wisdom for anyone looking to master the art of public speaking. From embracing diverse styles and philosophical foundations to understanding the nuances of language and audience adaptation, Cicero’s insights remain invaluable. By integrating these insights into our practice, we can elevate our communication skills, making our speeches not only more effective but also more profound and impactful.

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